Health at Risk: Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Neurological Impacts of Air Pollution

Authors

https://doi.org/10.48313/iee.v1i1.41

Abstract

Air pollution has become one of the most pressing issues in the twenty-first century, with massive effects on the environment and human health. Air pollution is a complex cause of morbidity and mortality that contributes to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurological impairments, and adverse perinatal outcomes. Air quality can be compromised by Particulate Matter (PM), ground-level ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants, which contribute to climate change and ecosystem instability. The effects extend beyond individual health to affect agricultural productivity, biodiversity, and the distribution of infectious diseases. Solving this crisis correlates with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 (Good health and well-being), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), SDG 13 (Climate Action), and SDG 15 (Life on land). Despite international policies like the Paris Climate Accord, a gap persists between high- and low-income nations in exposure, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity. Technological innovations, regulations, and community interventions have shown potential for cutting emissions, but must be included in larger sustainable development plans. This review summarizes evidence on the environmental and health consequences of air pollution, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary methods that combine population health, environmental science, and policy. The world needs a response to enhance environmental governance, ensuring equal access to clean energy and public consciousness to reduce air pollution as a health hazard and environmental determinant. Air pollution affects ecosystems and people and remains key to meeting the SDGs and achieving a sustainable future.

Keywords:

Air pollution, Sustainable development goals, Climate change, Environmental policy, Global health equity

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Published

2025-03-15

Issue

Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025): Innovations in Environmental Economics

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Health at Risk: Respiratory, Cardiovascular, and Neurological Impacts of Air Pollution. (2025). Innovations in Environmental Economics , 1(1), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.48313/iee.v1i1.41